Lighting experienced from the fire, oil to electricity development process. Lighting tools have undergone countless changes, there have been torches, candles, kerosene lamps to incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, the development of an array of lighting, energy saving lamps, decorative lights, landscape lights, heating lights, navigation lights, lights, Xiaoye Deng, basking lights, disinfection lights, raising lights and so on.
Light development experienced three revolutions.
The first revolution of light: oil lamp
The origin of light comes from the pursuit of human beings and the discovery of fire. The advent of fire made mankind independent of all things, mastered the light and heat. Since humans learned to drill wood and flint fire, the fire not only makes mankind bid farewell to the brutal era of drinking blood rash, but also to disperse the dark, bringing brightness and warmth. Primitive people put rosin or fat things on bark or wood chips, bundled together and made a torch for lighting, becoming the first light in the sense of man's creation. After a long period of time there has been the use of various vegetable oils for burning to illuminate the oil in the container, adding the wick to become the originator of oil lamps. After human exploitation of oil, kerosene lamps appeared.
Oil lamp lighting in human history occupy a very important period of history, during which oil lamp has undergone many improvements. Oil lamp oil from animal oil to vegetable oil, and finally replaced by kerosene. Wick also experienced grass, cotton, cotton thread changes. In order to prevent the wind from blowing out the fire, people put on the hood the oil lamp. Early hood is a paste, it is not safe, then switch to the glass. Such oil lamps are not afraid of the wind, the same is used outdoors, and full combustion, not black smoke. By the third century BC, candles made of beeswax appeared. By the 18th century, candles were made using paraffin waxes and began mass production using machines. The 19th century, the British invented the gas lamp, the human lighting technology to make a big step forward. However, this kind of lamp was very unsafe at first, and indoor use was prone to danger, so it should only be used as a street lamp. People commonly used lighting tools are kerosene lamps, white light to become a relatively good lighting. In pursuing the path of light, human beings are not satisfied, and while using the lamp to illuminate, they are still searching for other ways of lighting. Some people have also used a large number of fireflies to emit fluorescent light, though not practical, can be considered a peculiar way of human lighting history. Fire as a Revolution in Lighting With the advent of the era of human electrification, it has completed its mission of gradually withdrawing from the history of human lighting.
The second revolution of the lamp: electric light
The emergence of electricity has brought about a quantum leap in human productivity, and the emergence of incandescent lamps has also created the history of human use of electricity for lighting.
Incandescent lamp was generally invented by the American Thomas? Edison, in fact, before Edison many other people also made a lot of contributions to the invention of electric light. In 1801, a chemist in Britain, David, energized the platinum wire. He also invented the electric candle in 1810, making use of the arc lighting between two carbon rods. In 1854 Henry Goebbels used a charred bamboo wire and placed it under a vacuum in a glass vial to energize it. His invention today seems to be the first incandescent lamp to have practical utility. He was able to test the lamp bulb has been able to maintain 400 hours, but did not apply for design patents in a timely manner.
In 1850, the British Joseph Wilson Swan began to study the electric light. In 1878 he obtained a British patent for a bulb that was energized with carbon filament under vacuum and began to set up a company in the United Kingdom to install electric lights in homes. In 1874, two electricians in Canada applied for a lamp patent. They filled helium under the glass bubbles and shone with energized carbon rods. But they did not have the financial resources to develop the invention, so the patent was sold to Edison in 1875. Edison patented after trying to improve the use of the filament. In 1879 he changed to carbon filament lamp, successfully maintained for 13 hours. By 1880, after testing 1,600 materials, Edison finally made the world's first incandescent lamp with a filament made of charcoal and succeeded in maintaining 1,200 hours in the laboratory. Since then, mankind into the era of electricity lighting.
1, incandescent lamp
In 1909, American scientist Curie invented the tungsten filament to improve the brightness and life of incandescent lamp. The use of electricity to heat the glass bulb within the glass filament, resulting in filament heat radiation generated by the light source, the incandescent lamp holder is the electrical connection and mechanical connection, according to the form and purpose can be divided into screw-type lamp, lamp and special focus Lamp head. Commonly used in residential basic lighting and decorative lighting, with easy installation, start immediately, low cost and so on. A wide operating voltage range, from the battery voltage to several mains voltage, low cost, do not need additional circuitry. The main applications are home lighting and need intensive low voltage light places, such as flashlights, console lighting and so on. Only 10% of the input energy is converted into visible light, with typical lifetimes ranging from tens of hours to thousands of hours.
2, halogen lamp
Halogen lamps were invented in 1959 to bring the technology of incandescent lamps to a new level and increase the life of incandescent lamps. Compared with halogen-free incandescent lamps of the same rated power, the volume of tungsten halogen lamps is much smaller and allows charging The heavier gas at high pressure (more expensive) can change the life span or improve light efficiency. Similarly, the halogen lamp can also be directly connected to the power supply without the need for control circuits. Ordinary incandescent lamp life is 1000 hours, Halogen lamp is longer than half, luminous efficiency increased by 30%. Halogen lamps are widely used in automotive lighting, projection systems, special spotlights, low-cost floodlighting, stage and studio lighting, and other applications where non-halogen incandescent lamps are required to be compact, convenient and well performing.
3, fluorescent lamp
Fluorescent lamps appeared in the 1940s, using the principle of gas discharge to generate light energy. Because the light emitted is mainly ultraviolet light, infrared radiation less, so the luminous efficiency of incandescent than high, this lamp alternative incandescent lamp, will save 75%, life expectancy increased 8 to 10 times. Now we commonly used fluorescent lamps are mainly fluorescent, high lumen single-ended fluorescent lamps, energy-saving lamps (compact fluorescent lamps), has been used a very wide range of leading commercial and industrial lighting. Commonly used in offices, shopping malls, the main house and other general public buildings, with optional light color, high illumination can be achieved both economic advantages. It also emits many beautiful colored lights. This is determined by the nature of the chemicals contained in the phosphor, for example, magnesium white coated with light blueish white and cadmium borate. Through the design innovation, the development of phosphors, and the application of electronic control circuits, fluorescence
